What Kind Of Lens Does A Camera Use

Ultra wide-angle lens

Fisheye

Introduced in	1924
Writer	Woods (1905),[1] Bond (1922),[2] and Hill (1924)[three]
Construction	Var. elements in Var. groups

A fisheye lens is an ultra broad-angle lens that produces strong visual distortion intended to create a wide panoramic or hemispherical image.^{[4] [5] : 145} Fisheye lenses achieve extremely wide angles of view, well beyond whatsoever rectilinear lens. Instead of producing images with direct lines of perspective (rectilinear images), fisheye lenses apply a special mapping ("distortion"; for case: equisolid angle, see beneath), which gives images a characteristic convex non-rectilinear appearance.

Circular fisheye photograph of Oude Kerk Amsterdam. Chromatic aberration tin can clearly exist seen toward the outer edges.

The term fisheye was coined in 1906 past American physicist and inventor Robert W. Forest based on how a fish would see an ultrawide hemispherical view from beneath the water (a phenomenon known as Snell's window).^{[i] [5] : 145} Their outset practical use was in the 1920s for utilize in meteorology^{[3] [vi]} to written report cloud formation giving them the name "whole-heaven lenses". The bending of view of a fisheye lens is usually between 100 and 180 degrees,^[4] although lenses covering upwards to 280 degrees exist (see beneath). Their focal lengths depend on the film format they are designed for.

Mass-produced fisheye lenses for photography first appeared in the early 1960s^[seven] and are generally used for their unique, distorted appearance. For the popular 35mm motion-picture show format, typical focal lengths of fisheye lenses are viii-10 mm for circular images, and 12–eighteen mm for diagonal images filling the entire frame. For digital cameras using smaller imagers such as 1⁄4 " and 1⁄iii " format CCD or CMOS sensors, the focal length of "miniature" fisheye lenses tin can be as short as i-ii mm.

Fisheye lenses also have other applications, such as re-projecting images originally filmed through a fisheye lens, or created via computer-generated graphics, onto hemispherical screens. They are also used for scientific photography, such as recordings of aurora and meteors, and to report institute canopy geometry, and to calculate near-footing solar radiation. In everyday life, they are perhaps most commonly encountered as peephole door viewers to give a wide field of view.

History and development [edit]

Panoramas with fisheye distortion predate photography and the fisheye lens. In 1779, Horace Bénédict de Saussure published his downwardly-facing fisheye view of the Alps: "All the objects are drawn in perspective from the centre".^[8]

• 

  Forest's pail (top) and improved (bottom) camera (1906)

• 

  First known fisheye epitome recorded in 1905 using Forest'south pail appliance (1906)

• 

  Bond's hemispherical lens (1922)

In 1906, Wood published a newspaper detailing an experiment in which he built a camera in a water-filled pail starting with a photographic plate at the bottom, a curt focus lens with a pinhole diaphragm located approximately halfway up the pail, and a sheet of glass at the rim to suppress ripples in the water. The experiment was Wood's attempt "to ascertain how the external earth appears to the fish" and hence the championship of the paper was "Fish-Eye Views, and Vision under Water".^[1] Wood subsequently built an improved "horizontal" version of the camera omitting the lens, instead using a pinhole pierced in the side of a tank, which was filled with h2o and a photographic plate. In the text, he described a third "Fish-Eye" photographic camera congenital using canvass brass, the principal advantages being that this one was more portable than the other two cameras, and was "absolutely leaktight".^[1] In his determination, Wood thought that "the device will photo the entire sky [so] a sunshine recorder could be fabricated on this principle, which would crave no adjustment for breadth or calendar month" simply as well wryly noted "the views used for the illustration of this newspaper savour somewhat of the 'freak' pictures of the magazines."^[1]

Westward.Northward. Bail described an improvement to Wood's appliance in 1922 which replaced the tank of water with a simple hemispheric glass lens, making the camera significantly more than portable. The focal length depended on the refractive alphabetize and radius of the hemispherical lens, and the maximum aperture was approximately f/50; it was not corrected for chromatic aberration and projected a curved field onto a flat plate. Bond noted the new lens could be used to record cloud cover or lightning strikes at a given location.^[two] Bail'southward hemispheric lens also reduced the need for a pinhole discontinuity to ensure sharp focus, so exposure times were also reduced.^[10]

Hill Sky Lens [edit]

Loma/Beck "Heaven Lens" (1923, GB 225,398)^[eleven]

In 1924, Robin Hill first described a lens with 180° coverage that had been used for a deject survey in September 1923^[3] The lens, designed past Hill and R. & J. Brook, Ltd., was patented in December 1923.^[eleven] The Loma Sky Lens is now credited as the first fisheye lens.^{[5] : 146} Colina likewise described three dissimilar mapping functions of a lens designed to capture an entire hemisphere (stereographic, equidistant, and orthographic).^{[iii] [12]} Distortion is unavoidable in a lens that encompasses an bending of view exceeding 125°, simply Colina and Beck claimed in the patent that stereographic or equidistant project were the preferred mapping functions.^[11] The three-element, three-grouping lens design uses a highly divergent meniscus lens as the commencement element to bring in light over a wide view followed past a converging lens system to project the view onto a apartment photographic plate.^[xi]

The Hill Sky Lens was fitted to a whole sky camera, typically used in a pair separated past 500 metres (1,600 ft) for stereo imaging, and equipped with a red filter for dissimilarity; in its original form, the lens had a focal length of 0.84 in (21 mm) and bandage an image 2.5 in (64 mm) in bore at f/8.^[13] Conrad Beck described the photographic camera system in an article published in 1925.^[fourteen] At least one has been reconstructed.^[15]

German and Japanese development [edit]

Schulz/AEG Weitwinkelobjektiv (1932, DE 620538)^[16]

In 1932, the German house Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft AG (AEG) filed for a patent on the Weitwinkelobjektiv (wide-angle lens), a 5-element, 4-group development of the Hill Sky Lens.^{[five] : 148 [16]} Compared to the 1923 Hill Heaven Lens, the 1932 Weitwinkelobjektiv featured 2 diverging meniscus elements ahead of the terminate and used a cemented achromatic group in the converging section.^[16] Miyamoto credits Dr Hans Schulz with the design of the Weitwinkelobjektiv.^[12] The basic patented design was produced for cloud recording as a 17 mm f/six.3 lens,^[17] and the creative person known as Umbo used the AEG lens for artistic purposes, with photographs published in a 1937 issue of Volk und Welt.^[eighteen]

The AEG Weitwinkelobjektiv formed the footing of the later Fish-middle-Nikkor sixteen mm f/8 lens of 1938, which was used for military and scientific (deject cover) purposes.^{[17] [xix]} Nikon, which had a contract to supply optics to the Majestic Japanese Navy, peradventure gained admission to the AEG design under the Pact of Steel.^[19] Subsequently the war, the lens was mated to a medium format camera and was produced in slightly modified form (focal length increased slightly to 16.three mm) every bit the "Sky-prototype Recording Camera" in March 1957 for the Japanese authorities,^[twenty] followed past a commercial release as the Nikon Fisheye Camera (likewise known as the "Nikon Sky Camera" or "Nikon Cloud Camera") in September 1960, which had a retail cost of ¥200,000 (equivalent to ¥ane,130,000 in 2019).^[21] The revised lens created a circular image l mm (2.0 in) in diameter and covered a consummate hemispherical field of 180°.^[22] Only 30 examples of the Nikon Fisheye Photographic camera were manufactured, and of those, 18 were sold to customers, mainly in the United States; Nikon likely destroyed the remaining stock to avoid taxation penalties.^[23] A photograph of pole vaulter Bob Gutowski taken by the Fisheye Camera was published in Life in 1957.^[24]

Richter/Zeiss Pleon (1938, The states ii,247,068)^[25]

Also in 1938, Robert Richter of Carl Zeiss AG patented the vi-chemical element, five-group Pleon lens,^[25] which was used for aeriform surveillance during World State of war II. The converging rear group of the Pleon was symmetrical, reminiscent of the 4-element Topogon design, as well designed past Richter for Zeiss in 1933. Testing on a captured lens after the war showed the Pleon provided an equidistant project to cover a field of approximately 130°, and negatives were printed using a special rectifying enlarger to eliminate distortion.^{[v] : 149 [26]} The Pleon had a focal length of approximately 72.5 mm with a maximum aperture of f/8 and used a plano-concave front element 300 mm (12 in) in diameter; the image on the negative was approximately 85 mm (3.3 in) in bore.^[26]

Merté/Zeiss Sphaerogon (1935, DE 672 393^[27] and Us 2,126,126)^[28]

35 mm evolution [edit]

At approximately the same fourth dimension that Schulz was developing the Weitwinkelobjektiv at AEG, Willy Merté [de] at Zeiss was developing the Sphaerogon, which was also designed to encompass a 180° field of view.^{[27] [28]} Unlike the Weitwinkelobjektiv, Merté'south Sphaerogon was not limited to medium format cameras; prototype versions of the Sphaerogon were constructed for the Contax I miniature format camera. The showtime prototype Sphaerogon lenses synthetic had a maximum aperture of f/8, just later examples were computed one-half a terminate faster, to f/6.eight.^[29] Several prototype examples of Sphaerogon lenses were recovered equally function of the Zeiss Lens Collection seized by the Army Indicate Corps as war reparations in 1945;^[xxx] the drove, which the Zeiss business firm had retained as a record of their designs, was afterwards documented by Merté, the former head of optical ciphering for CZJ, working nether Signal Corps officeholder Edward Kaprelian.^{[31] [32]}

The Nikon Fisheye Camera was discontinued in September 1961,^[twenty] and Nikon subsequently introduced the get-go regular production fisheye lens for miniature cameras in 1962,^[12] the Fish-eye-Nikkor 8 mm f/8,^[33] which required the reflex mirror on its Nikon F and Nikkormat cameras to be locked up prior to mounting the lens. Prior to the early on 1960s, fisheye lenses were used primarily by professional and scientific photographers, simply the advent of the fisheye for the 35 mm format increased its pop use.^[34] The Nikkor 8 mm f/8 has a field of view of 180° and uses 9 elements in v groups; it has a fixed focus and built-in filters intended for black-and-white photography. Inquiry indicates that fewer than one,400 lenses were built.^[35]

Fish-eye Takumar eleven/18mm on a modern Pentax K-1 DSLR

Nikon subsequently released several more milestone circular fisheye lenses in Nikon F mountain through the 1960s and 70s:

• 10 mm f/five.6 OP (1968), the beginning fisheye to feature orthographic projection, which was as well the start lens to feature an aspherical element^[36]
• 6 mm f/5.6 (1969), the starting time fisheye to feature a 220° field of view;^[7] interestingly, the patent accompanying this lens includes a design for a lens with a 270° field of view.^[37] A half-dozen.2 mm f/5.6 SAP fisheye was later produced in limited numbers with an aspherical surface, encompassing a 230° field of view.^[38]
• 8 mm f/two.8 (1970), the first circular fisheye with variable focus, automatic aperture, and reflex viewing (mirror lock-up no longer required).^[7]

Meanwhile, other Japanese manufacturers were developing the so-chosen "full-frame" or diagonal fisheyes, which captured approximately a 180° field of view beyond the diagonal of the film frame. The start such diagonal fisheye was the Fish-centre Takumar 18 mm f/11, released by Pentax (Asahi Optical) in 1962,^{[38] [39] [40]} followed by the slightly faster UW Rokkor-PG xviii mm f/9.5 from Minolta in 1966.^[41] Both of these were reflex-viewing and fixed-focus. Both Pentax and Minolta followed up with faster lenses with variable focus in 1967 (Super Fish-eye-Takumar 17 mm f/four)^[42] and 1969 (Rokkor-OK 16 mm f/2.eight),^{[43] [44]} respectively. The sixteen mm Rokkor was later adopted by Leica as the Fisheye-Elmarit-R (1974) and then converted to autofocus (1986) for the Alpha arrangement. Equally of 2018^[update], the same basic optical design is nonetheless sold as the Sony SAL16F28.

Blueprint [edit]

Different rectilinear lenses, fisheye lenses are not fully characterised by focal length and aperture alone. Angle of view, image diameter, project type, and sensor coverage all vary independently of these.

Image diameter and coverage [edit]

Types of using format

Circular		Cropped circumvolve	Full-frame
3:2	52% sensor	78% FOV, 92% sensor	59% FOV
4:3	59% sensor	86% FOV, xc% sensor	61% FOV
Circular fisheye for 35 mm			Full-frame fisheye with rudimentary lens hood
ESO's VLT epitome taken with a circular fisheye lens.		35 mm circular fisheye with DX-format-photographic camera	Diagonal fisheye used in a closed space (Nikkor 10.5 mm)

In a circular fisheye lens, the image circle is inscribed in the picture or sensor expanse; in a diagonal ("total-frame") fisheye lens, the image circumvolve is confining around the motion-picture show or sensor area. This implies that using a fisheye lens for a different format than information technology was intended for is easy (as opposed to a rectilinear lens), and may change its feature.

Further, dissimilar fisheye lenses map ("distort") images differently, and the manner of distortion is referred to as their mapping function. A common type for consumer utilise is equisolid bending.

Although there are digital fisheye effects available both in-camera and every bit computer software, neither tin extend the bending of view of the original images to the very large one of a truthful fisheye lens.

Focal length [edit]

The focal length is adamant by the angular coverage, the specific mapping function used, and the required dimensions of the final epitome. Focal lengths for popular amateur camera sizes are computed as:

Calculated fisheye focal lengths^[a]

		Stereographic	Equidistant	Equisolid angle	Orthographic
Inverse mapping role[45]		${\displaystyle f={\dfrac {r}{ii\tan {\dfrac {\theta }{2}}}}}$	${\displaystyle f={\frac {r}{\theta }}}$	${\displaystyle f={\dfrac {r}{two\sin {\dfrac {\theta }{ii}}}}}$	${\displaystyle f={\frac {r}{\sin \theta }}}$
Round[b]	APS-C ( ${\displaystyle r}$ = 8.4 mm)	4.2	5.3	v.9	8.4
	135 ( ${\displaystyle r}$ = 12 mm)	6.0	7.6	8.5	12.0
	6×vi ( ${\displaystyle r}$ = 28 mm)	14.0	17.eight	xix.8	28.0
Diagonal[c]	APS-C ( ${\displaystyle r}$ = xv.ane mm)	vii.5	9.6	x.6	15.ane
	135 ( ${\displaystyle r}$ = 21.seven mm)	x.viii	13.8	xv.three	21.7
	six×half dozen ( ${\displaystyle r}$ = 39.6 mm)	19.8	25.two	28.0	39.6

Notes

Circular fisheyes [edit]

The first types of fisheye lenses developed were "circular" — lenses which took in a 180° hemisphere and projected it every bit a circle inside the film frame. By blueprint, circular fisheye lenses thus embrace a smaller paradigm circle than rectilinear lenses designed for the aforementioned sensor size. The corners of a circular fisheye image will exist completely black. This blackness is different from the gradual vignetting of rectilinear lenses and sets on abruptly.

Some circular fisheyes were bachelor in orthographic projection models for scientific applications. These accept a 180° vertical, horizontal and diagonal angle of view.

For APS and m43 cameras, several lenses take emerged that retain a 180° field of view on a crop trunk. The commencement of these was the Sigma 4.vmm.^[46] Sunex too makes a 5.vimm fisheye lens that captures a circular 185° field of view on a 1.5x Nikon and 1.6x Canon DSLR cameras.

Nikon produced a 6 mm circular fisheye lens for 35 mm film that was initially designed for an expedition to Antarctica. It featured a 220° field of view, designed to capture the entire sky and surrounding ground when pointed straight upward. This lens is no longer manufactured,^[47] and is used nowadays to produce interactive virtual-reality images such as QuickTime VR and IPIX. Considering of its very wide field of view, information technology is very large — weighing 5.2 kilograms (11 lb), having a bore of 236 millimetres (9.3 in), a length of 171 millimetres (6.7 in) and an angle of view of 220 degrees. Information technology dwarfs a regular 35 mm SLR camera^[48] and has its own tripod mounting indicate, a characteristic unremarkably seen in big long-focus or telephoto lenses to reduce strain on the lens mount. The lens is extremely rare.^[49]

The fish eye lens Laowa 4mm f/2,8 of the manufacturer Venus Optics

More recently, the Japanese manufacturer Entaniya offers several fisheye lenses with angles of view up to 250° on 35 mm full frame, and up to 280° on smaller sensors (run into list beneath). In 2018, Venus Optics introduced a 210° fisheye lens for the Micro Four Thirds organization.^[fifty]

An^which? 8 mm fisheye lens made by Nikon has proven useful for scientific purposes because of its equidistant (equiangular) projection, in which distance along the radius of the circular image is proportional to the zenith bending.

Diagonal fisheyes (a.k.a. total-frame or rectangular) [edit]

Equally fisheye lenses gained popularity in full general photography, photographic camera companies began manufacturing fisheye lenses with an enlarged paradigm circle to encompass the entire rectangular film frame. They are called diagonal, or sometimes "rectangular" or "full-frame", fisheyes. (This was well before digital photography, so the utilize of the term "full frame" with respect to fisheyes has nil to do with the use of the term to designate a digital sensor measuring 36x24 mm).^[51]

The bending of view produced past diagonal fisheyes but measures 180° from corner to corner: they have a 180° diagonal angle of view (AOV), while the horizontal and vertical angles of view will be smaller. For an equisolid angle fifteen mm full-frame fisheye, the horizontal AOV will exist 147°, and the vertical AOV will be 94°.^[52]

I of the first diagonal fisheye lenses to be mass-produced was the Nikon Fisheye-Nikkor F 16mm f/3.5, made in the early 1970s.

To obtain the same consequence on digital cameras with smaller sensors, shorter focal lengths are required. Nikon makes a 10.5 mm fisheye for their APS DX SLRs.^[53] Several other companies make "full frame", i.e. diagonal, fisheyes for APS and m43 cameras, see next paragraph.

Portrait or cropped-circle fisheyes [edit]

An intermediate between a diagonal and a round fisheye consists of a round epitome optimised for the width of the film format rather than the height. As a outcome, on any non-square film format, the circular image will exist cropped at the tiptop and bottom, just nevertheless show black edges on the left and correct. This format is called a "portrait" fisheye;^[54] historically, it has been rather rare - only the 12 mm f/8 Accura lens (encounter list below) directly follows the portrait principle. Today however, a portrait fisheye consequence is easily achieved by using a fisheye lens intended for full coverage of a smaller sensor format, like an APS diagonal fisheye on a 35 mm full frame photographic camera, or an m43 diagonal fisheye on APS.

Miniature fisheye lenses [edit]

Miniature digital cameras, especially when used as security cameras, frequently tend to accept fisheye lenses to maximize coverage. Miniature fisheye lenses are designed for small-format CCD/CMOS imagers usually used in consumer and security cameras.^{[55] [56]} Popular image sensor format sizes used include one⁄4 ", 1⁄3 ", and i⁄two ". Depending on the active expanse of the epitome sensor, the same lens can form a circular paradigm on a larger prototype sensor (due east.grand. one⁄ii "), and a full frame on a smaller one (e.g. 1⁄4 ").

Examples and specific models [edit]

For a comprehensive list of all electric current and all past fisheye lenses, come across External Links below.

Noteworthy fisheye lenses for APS-C cameras [edit]

The APS-C paradigm sensor used in Canon cameras is 22.3 mm × 14.9 mm (0.88 in × 0.59 in), or 26.82 mm (i.056 in) on the diagonal, which is slightly smaller than the sensor size used by other pop manufacturers of cameras with APS-C sensors, such as Fuji, Minolta, Nikon, Pentax, and Sony. The other mutual APS-C sensors range from 23.6 to 23.7 mm (0.93 to 0.93 in) on the long dimension and fifteen.6 mm (0.61 in) on the shorter side, for a diagonal between 28.2 to 28.four mm (1.11 to 1.12 in).

Circular APS-C fisheye lenses [edit]

• Sigma 4.5 mm f/2.viii
• Lensbaby v.viiimm f/iii.5

Diagonal APS-C fisheye lenses [edit]

• Nikon 10.v mm f/ii.viii for Nikon F DSLRs
• Samyang 8 mm f/3.5 for various APS DSLRs. Notable for its stereographic projection.
• Samyang 8 mm f/two.viii for diverse mirrorless mounts. Notable for its stereographic projection.
• Sigma x mm f/2.eight for various APS DSLRs.

Zoom APS-C fisheye lenses [edit]

• Pentax 10–17 mm f/3.5–4.5 = Tokina 10–17 mm f/iii.5–iv.5 (jointly developed) for various APS DSLRs.

Noteworthy fisheye lenses for 35 mm full frame cameras [edit]

Round fisheye lenses [edit]

The Peleng 8 mm f/3.five round fisheye lens

• Accura 12 mm f/viii (180° portrait fisheye lens, i.east. optimised for the superlative rather than the width of the frame, thus giving a circular image of larger bore, i.due east. cropped at the elevation and lesser. 1968. Sold as Beroflex, Berolina, Panomar, Sigma, Spiratone, Universa, Upsilon, Vemar etc. Very bad.)^[57]
• C-4 Optics Hyperfisheye iv.9 mm f/3.5 (270°, 2020, for evil just, 13kg)^[58]
• Canon FD 7.5 mm f/v.six (180°, 1971, three versions: initial version with silver bayonet band, 1973 South.S.C. version with silvery bayonet band, 1979 NewFD version with the same SSC coating, blackness bayonet ring; all have inbuilt, wheel-selectable colour filters)^[59]
• Entaniya HAL 200 6 mm f/4 (200°, nineteen.9 mm image diameter, for evil simply)^[60]
• Entaniya HAL 250 6 mm f/five.6 (250°, 23.7 mm image diameter, for evil simply, fixed aperture, 2 kg (the company as well makes a 280° model with however but 5mm image diameter))^[61]
• Nikon F half dozen mm f/two.8 (220°, 1972)^[62]
• Nikon F 6 mm f/5.6 (220°, 1970)^[62]
• Nikon F vi.2 mm f/v.vi (230° and at its fourth dimension the widest fisheye. Looks like the aforementioned 6 mm f/5.6, but different engraving: 6.2 mm 230°. Reportedly the rarest Nikon lens in existence, only 3 produced)^[63]
• Nikon F 7.5 mm f/5.6 (220°, 1966)^[62]
• Nikon F eight mm f/2.viii (180°, 1970)^[62]
• Nikon F 8 mm f/eight (180°, 1962)^[62]
• Olympus OM Auto-Fisheye 8 mm f/2.4 (180°, rare)
• Peleng 8 mm f/3.five (180°)
• Sigma 8 mm f/4.0 EX DG (180°)
• Sigma 8 mm f/iii.5 EX DG (180°, succeccor of the higher up Sigma viii mm f/4.0)

Full-frame (i.e. diagonal) fisheye lenses [edit]

• Canon EF fifteen mm f/2.8 (optically simpler successor of the beneath FD model; since discontinued)^[59]
• Canon Fisheye FD 15 mm f/2.8 (predecessor of the in a higher place, incompatible with EF mountain. Two versions: original with silver bayonet ring, 1973; NewFD with black bayonet ring, 1980. Both have inbuilt colour filters and S.South.C. coating)^[59]
• Fuji Photograph Film Co. EBC Fujinon Fish Centre xvi mm f/2.8 (M42 and X-Fujinon mounts, discontinued)
• Minolta AF 16 mm f/ii.8, since continued as Sony A
• Nikon Fisheye-Nikkor 16 mm f/two.8 AI-s and AF D (since 1979)
• Nikon Fisheye-Nikkor 16 mm f/3.5 (1973, predecessor of the higher up)
• Pentax SMC 17 mm f/iv Fish-Eye
• Pentax eighteen mm f/11 Pancake Fisheye (160°)^[64]
• Samyang 12 mm f/2.8 ED Equally NCS Diagonal Fisheye (famous for its stereographic project; available in several SLR and evil mounts)
• Sigma fifteen mm f/2.8 EX DG Diagonal Fisheye
• TTArtisan 11mm f/2.eight Fisheye (notable as the offset fisheye lens marketed, among others, in Leica M rangefinder mount and for Fuji GFX (the lens does not cover the full GFX frame, though!). An expert found information technology'south actually 15 mm in focal length and has an angle of view of only 176°^[65])
• Zenitar xvi mm f/2.viii Fisheye lens

Zoom fisheye lenses [edit]

• Canon EF eight–fifteenmm f/4L Fisheye USM – 180° at all focal lengths, but turning from a circular to a diagonal fisheye on a 35 mm total-frame camera, i.e. irresolute in vertical angle of view. On a crop camera with APS-C/H size sensors, it only yields a cropped circular and full-frame image. A zoom lock is included which avoids leaving the focal length range of full coverage on ingather sensor cameras.
• Nikon AF-Due south Fisheye Nikkor 8–fifteenmm f/three.5–four.5E ED – designed for full-frame and FX cameras, this lens behaves identically to the Canon.
• Tokina AT-Ten AF DX = Pentax DA ED IF x–17 mm f/iii.4-4.5 – a fisheye zoom lens designed for APS-C sensor cameras, also sold as an NH version without integrated lens hood: then, information technology is usable on full frame cameras.
• Pentax F 17–28mm f/three.v–4.5 Fisheye – This lens was born for 35 mm total frame film cameras, to take the place of the 16mm f/2.viii in the AF era. It starts from a 17mm full-frame (diagonal) fisheye. When information technology reaches 28mm, the fisheye effect is most gone, leaving an overdistorted wideangle paradigm. Information technology was intended as a "special effect" lens and is claimed not to have sold too many copies.^{[66] [ commendation needed ]}

Curiosities [edit]

• Canon 5.2 mm f/ii.8 RF L^[67] (a 190° stereographic fisheye with two fisheye lens systems: for 3D virtual reality shooting onto a unmarried 35 mm full-frame prototype sensor, and less relevant for photography: fitting two epitome circles onto one frame of 36 mm width means that each tin merely be xviii mm in bore, wasting quite a fleck of resolution)
• Pentax Thou "Bird'southward center" eight.iv mm f/ii.viii (prototype, 1982, rendition non quite the same every bit a fisheye)^[68]

Sample images [edit]

• 

  An paradigm of the Louvre museum entry taken with the 7.5 mm f/5.6 circular fisheye Nikkor lens

• 

  Fisheye used to capture entire Wells Cathedral Chapter House room

• 

  Canon 8–xvmm zoom at viiimm of BMW M3

• 

  Image shot with a 16mm total-frame fisheye lens before and after remapping to rectilinear perspective.^{[n i]}

• 

  Comparison of conventional (rectilinear) mapping function with four unlike fisheye mapping functions, given a abiding focal length.

Other applications [edit]

The curves of ESO's headquarters through a fish-eye lens.^[69]

• Many planetariums now utilize fisheye projection lenses to projection the night heaven or other digital content onto the interior of a dome.
• Fish-eye lenses are used in POV pornography to brand things correct in forepart of the camera look bigger.
• Flying simulators and visual gainsay simulators apply fisheye project lenses in order to create an immersive environment for pilots, air traffic controllers, or military personnel to train in.
• Similarly, the IMAX Dome (previously 'OMNIMAX') motion-picture format involves photography through a circular fisheye lens, and projection through the same onto a hemispherical screen.
• Scientists and resources managers (e.one thousand., biologists, foresters, and meteorologists) utilise fisheye lenses for hemispherical photography to calculate plant awning indices and near-ground solar radiation. Applications include evaluation of forest wellness, characterization of monarch butterfly wintertime roosting sites, and direction of vineyards.
• Astronomers utilize fisheye lenses to capture cloud embrace and light pollution data.
• Photographers and videographers employ fisheye lenses so they tin can get the camera as shut as possible for action shots whilst also capturing context, for case in skateboarding to focus on the board and nevertheless retain an image of the skater.
• The "middle" of the HAL 9000 figurer from 2001: A Space Odyssey was constructed using a Fisheye-Nikkor 8 mm f/8 lens.^[seventy] HAL'southward point-of-view was filmed using a Fairchild-Curtis 'bug-middle' lens originally designed for films in the Cinerama 360 dome format.^[71]
• The first music video to be shot completely with fisheye lens was for the Beastie Boys song "Concur It At present, Hit It" in 1987.
• In Computer Graphics, circular fisheye images can be used to create environment maps from the physical globe. One complete 180-caste wide angle fisheye image will fit to one-half of cubic mapping space using the proper algorithm. Surroundings maps can be used to render 3D objects and virtual panoramic scenes.
• Many personal weather station online cameras effectually the world upload fisheye images of the current local sky conditions equally well as a previous day fourth dimension-lapse sequence with climate conditions such equally temperature, humidity, wind and rainfall amounts.^[72]

Mapping function [edit]

The discipline is placed in the image by the lens according to the mapping part of the lens. The mapping function gives ${\displaystyle r}$ , the position of the object from the centre of the image, as a function of ${\displaystyle f}$ , the focal length, and ${\displaystyle \theta }$ , the bending from the optical axis. ${\displaystyle \theta }$ is measured in radians.

Comparison of mapping functions

Subject	Original tunnel to exist photographed, with camera looking from inside center to left wall.
	Normal	Fisheye[73] [45]
	Rectilinear	Stereographic[74]	Equidistant	Equisolid angle	Orthographic
Other names	gnomonic, perspective, conventional	panoramic, conform, planisphere	linear, linear-scaled	equal-area	orthogonal
Image
Mapping function[45]	${\displaystyle r=f\tan \theta }$	${\displaystyle r=2f\tan {\frac {\theta }{two}}}$	${\displaystyle r=f\,\theta }$	${\displaystyle r=2f\sin {\frac {\theta }{ii}}}$ [a]	${\displaystyle r=f\sin \theta }$
Notes	Works like the pinhole camera. Straight lines remain direct (baloney free). ${\displaystyle \theta }$ has to be smaller than ninety°. The discontinuity bending is gaged symmetrically to the optical axis and has to be smaller than 180°. Large aperture angles are difficult to design and lead to high prices.	Maintains angles. This mapping would be ideal for photographers considering it doesn't shrink marginal objects as much. Samyang is the only manufacturer to produce this kind of fisheye lens, but it is available under different brand names. This mapping is easily implemented by software.	Maintains angular distances. Practical for angle measurement (e.yard., star maps). PanoTools uses this type of mapping.	Maintains surface relations. Every pixel subtends an equal solid angle, or an equal area on the unit sphere. Looks like a mirror image on a ball, best special effect (unsophisticated distances), suitable for area comparing (clouds grade decision). This type is popular merely it compresses marginal objects. The prices of these lenses are high, just not extreme.	Maintains planar illuminance. Looks like an orb with the environs lying on < max. 180° aperture bending. Highly distorted almost the edge of the prototype, but prototype in center is less compressed.
Examples[75] [76] [77]	(Numerous)	Samyang f = eight mm f/2.8 Samyang f = 12 mm f/2.8	Catechism FD f = 7.5 mm f/5.six Coastal Optical f = 7.45 mm f/5.half-dozen Nikkor f = 6 mm f/2.eight Nikkor f = 7.5 mm f/5.6 Nikkor f = 8 mm f/2.8 Nikkor f = 8 mm f/eight.0 Peleng f = 8 mm f/three.5 Rokkor f = vii.5 mm f/4.0 Sigma f = 8 mm f/3.v Samyang f = seven.5 mm f/3.five	Catechism EF f = 15 mm f/2.viii (1988) Minolta f = 16 mm f/two.8 (1971) Nikkor f = 10.5 mm f/2.8[b] Nikkor f = 16 mm f/2.viii (1995) Sigma f = iv.v mm f/ii.eight Sigma f = eight mm f/four.0[c] Sigma f = 15 mm f/2.8 (1990) Zuiko f = 8 mm f/ii.8	Nikkor f = x mm f/5.6 OP Yasuhara Madoka180 f = 7.3 mm f/four

Other mapping functions (for case Panomorph Lenses) are likewise possible for enhancing the off-axis resolution of fisheye lenses.

With appropriate software, the curvilinear images produced past a fisheye lens can exist remapped to a conventional rectilinear projection. Although this entails some loss of detail at the edges of the frame, the technique can produce an image with a field of view greater than that of a conventional rectilinear lens. This is particularly useful for creating panoramic images.

All types of fisheye lenses bend direct lines. Discontinuity angles of 180° or more than are possible only with large amounts of butt distortion.

Run across as well [edit]

• Azimuthal equidistant projection
• Dashcam
• Miniature faking
• Stereographic projection
• de:Fischaugenobjektiv Fisheye lens with more than information in German

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Photographic camera: a 35 mm format digital SLR, editing tool: Panorama Tools

References [edit]

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2. ^ ^{a b} Bond, W. Due north. (Nov 1922). "A Broad Angle Lens for Cloud Recording". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Periodical of Science. half-dozen. XLIV (CCLXIII): 999–1001. doi:ten.1080/14786441208562576. Retrieved six November 2018.
3. ^ ^{a b c d} Loma, Robin (July 1924). "A lens for whole heaven photographs". Quarterly Journal of the Regal Meteorological Society. 50 (211): 227–235. Bibcode:1924QJRMS..50..227H. doi:ten.1002/qj.49705021110.
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27. ^ ^{a b} DE Grant 672393, Willi Merté, "Lichtbildlinse (Photo lens)", issued 3 Oct 1935, assigned to Carl Zeiss SMT GmbH
28. ^ ^{a b} US patent 2126126, Willi Merté, "Photographic objective", issued 9 August 1938, assigned to Carl Zeiss SMT GmbH
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37. ^ The states Grant 3524697, Isshiki Masaki & Matsuki Keiji, "Achromatic super wide-bending lens", issued 18 Baronial 1970, assigned to Nikon Corp.
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43. ^ "Minolta 16mm 1:2.eight Fisheye (MC/MD)". artaphot. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
44. ^ US Grant 3589798, Ogura Toshinobu, "Wide-angle lens system with corrected lateral aberration", issued 29 June 1971, assigned to Minolta Camera Kabushiki Kaisha
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46. ^ iv.5mm F2.8 EX DC Circular Fisheye
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52. ^ For an equisolid angle project (typical of full-frame fisheyes), the angle of view is double ${\displaystyle \theta }$ , the angle from the optical axis, and the resulting formula is ${\displaystyle {\text{AOV}}=four\cdot \arcsin \left({\frac {\text{frame size}}{iv\cdot {\text{focal length}}}}\right)}$ , where ${\displaystyle {\text{frame size}}=2\cdot r}$ which comes from solving the mapping office for ${\displaystyle \theta }$ ; Dyxum, Gustavo Orensztajn
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External links [edit]

• Fisheye projection theory
• Listing of all Current and all Affordable Photography Fisheye Lenses
• The New Fish List, Luca Vascon, 2021
• Various fisheye projections
• Kumler, James "Jay"; Bauer, Martin (2000). Fish-centre lens designs and their relative performance. International Symposium of Optical Science and Technology. San Diego, California: SPIE. doi:10.1117/12.405226. Culling archived URL

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheye_lens

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